Chapter 8: Object and Classes in C++(Part – 2)
Types of Member Function
Includes static and non-static member functions.
Static Keywords
class Math {
public:
static int count;
};
int Math::count = 0;
CONST Keyword
class Person {
public:
const int age;
Person(int a) : age(a) {}
};
Array within Class
class Collection {
public:
int items[5];
};
Class – Structure and Union
Classes support all features of structures and unions with added OOP benefits.
Friend and Nested Class
class A {
friend class B;
};
class B {};
Container Class
A class containing objects of other classes.
Array of Object
Person people[2];
Data Abstraction
Hiding the implementation details.
Data Encapsulation
Bundling the data and methods that operate on the data.
Objects with various Storage Class
static Person p1; Person p2;
Chapter 9: Inheritance
Basics of Inheritance
Inheritance allows a class to acquire properties of another class.
Inheritance visibility Mode
Specifies how inherited members are accessed.
class Derived : public Base {};
Types of Inheritance
Includes single, multiple, multilevel, hierarchical, and hybrid.
Hybrid Inheritance
Combination of multiple inheritance types.
Ambiguity Inheritance
Resolved using virtual inheritance.
class A {};
class B : virtual public A {};
class C : virtual public A {};
class D : public B, public C {};
Types of Base Class
Abstract and concrete base classes.
Constructor and Inheritance
Base class constructors are called first.
class Derived : public Base {
public:
Derived() : Base() {}
};
Destructor with Inheritance
Base class destructors are called last.
class Derived : public Base {
public:
~Derived() {}
};
Function Overriding
Derived class redefines base class methods.
class Base {
public:
virtual void show() { std::cout << "Base"; }
};
class Derived : public Base {
public:
void show() override { std::cout << "Derived"; }
};
Composition
Combining objects to form complex types.
Chapter 10: Operator Overloading
Basics of Operator Overloading
Defining custom behavior for operators.
Implementing Operator Overloading
class Complex {
public:
int real, imag;
Complex operator + (const Complex &c) {
Complex temp;
temp.real = real + c.real;
temp.imag = imag + c.imag;
return temp;
}
};
Unary Operator Overloading
class Number {
public:
int value;
Number operator - () {
Number temp;
temp.value = -value;
return temp;
}
};
Binary Operator Overloading
Complex operator + (const Complex &c);
Relational Operator Overloading
bool operator == (const Complex &c);
Assignment Operator
Complex& operator = (const Complex &c);
Input/Output Operators Overloading
friend std::ostream& operator << (std::ostream &out, const Complex &c);
Function Call Operator { } Overloading
class Functor {
public:
void operator() () {
std::cout << "Functor called";
}
};
Subscripting [ ] Operator Overloading
int& operator [] (int index);
Class Member Access Operator (->) Overload
class Ptr {
public:
Object* operator -> () {
return obj;
}
private:
Object *obj;
};
Type Casting
operator int() const;
Chapter 11: Polymorphism
Introduction about Polymorphism
Polymorphism allows methods to do different things based on the object it is acting upon.
Virtual Function
class Base {
public:
virtual void show() { std::cout << "Base"; }
};
class Derived : public Base {
public:
void show() override { std::cout << "Derived"; }
};
Pure Virtual Function
class Base {
public:
virtual void show() = 0;
};
Virtual and Pure Virtual Destructor
class Base {
public:
virtual ~Base() = 0;
};
Types of Polymorphism
Compile-time (overloading) and runtime (overriding).
“this” Pointer
class Person {
public:
void display() {
std::cout << this->name;
}
};
Chapter 12: File Handling
Introduction File Handling and Streams
Files provide a way to store data permanently.
Opening and Closing a File
std::ifstream infile("file.txt");
infile.close();
Reading/Writing Data From Files
std::ofstream outfile("file.txt");
outfile << "Hello, World!";
outfile.close();
Text and Binary Files
Text files store data in human-readable format; binary files store data in binary format.
Chapter 13: Exception Handling
Basic of Exception handling
Exceptions handle runtime errors.
try {
// Code that may throw an exception
} catch (const std::exception &e) {
std::cout << e.what();
}
Throwing and Catching Exceptions
void test() {
throw std::runtime_error("Error occurred");
}
Rethrowing Exceptions
try {
throw;
} catch (...) {
std::cout << "Rethrown exception";
}
Nesting Exceptions
try {
try {
throw std::runtime_error("Error");
} catch (...) {
std::cout << "Inner catch";
throw;
}
} catch (...) {
std::cout << "Outer catch";
}
Exception Specification
Specifying which exceptions a function might throw.
void func() throw(int, std::runtime_error);
C++ Standard Exceptions
Includes std::exception, std::runtime_error, std::logic_error, etc.
Chapter 14: Template
Introduction about Templates
Templates allow generic programming.
Types of Templates
Function templates and class templates.
template <typename T>
T add(T a, T b) {
return a + b;
}
Default Parameters For Templates
template <typename T = int>
class Test {
T data;
};
Function Template and Static Variables
template <typename T>
T getMax(T a, T b) {
static int count = 0;
return (a > b) ? a : b;
}
Class Template and Static Variable
template <typename T>
class Test {
static int count;
};
template <typename T>
int Test<T>::count = 0;
Non-Type Template Arguments
template <typename T, int size>
class Array {
T arr[size];
};
Chapter 15: Standard Template Library
Introduction about Standard Template Library
STL provides a set of template classes and functions.
Container Library
Includes vector, list, deque, set, map, etc.
#include <vector>
std::vector<int> v = {1, 2, 3};
Bitset
Represents a fixed-size sequence of bits.
#include <bitset> std::bitset<8> bits(255);
Iterator
Used to traverse the elements of a container.
std::vector<int>::iterator it = v.begin();
Auto_PTR
Smart pointer for automatic memory management (deprecated in C++11).
#include <memory> std::auto_ptr<int> p(new int(10));
Algorithm
Includes functions for searching, sorting, counting, etc.
#include <algorithm> std::sort(v.begin(), v.end());
First Part – 1st Part
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